Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. Panaeolus - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia This review provides an overview of only Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, their current taxonomy and ecology. Since the transfer of Chamaeota mammillatus to Pluteus using morphological and DNA sequences, the description of the genus also includes species with a partial veil (Minnis et al., 2006; Minnis, 2008; Menolli et al., 2010). Guzmn, G., Kroeger, P., and Ramirez-Guillen, F. (2016). (2007) proposed to split the genus and conserve the name Psilocybe for psychedelic species, represented by the type species Psilocybe semilanceata (Figure 1A), and transfer the remaining non-psychedelic species to Deconica, typified by Deconica physaloides (Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2012). microspores, Pan. Noordeloos (2011) assessed species on the presence of chrysocystidia, bluing and DNA sequences of the ITS, partial nLSU rDNA, and rpb1 genes, and recognised a total of three unnamed sections, that did not support previous subgenera. MycoKeys 63, 148. (2003). Cape Town: Struik Nature. List of Panaeolus species - Wikipedia doi: 10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8, Guzmn, G. (2009). Serotonin has also been detected (Gartz 1985b). Noordeloos, M. E. (2011). Treading the fine line between small-statured Gymnopilus and excentrically stipitate Galerina species in Australia. Macroscopically, this species resembles Panaeolus semiovatus var. angulospora from Taiwan (Wang and Tzean, 2015). Panaeolus castaneifolius(Murrill) Olah [syn. In view of the fact that it is such an insubstantial mushroom (and it grows on dung!) A Systematic Study Of The Euagaric Genus Pluteus Emphasizing Section Celluloderma In The U.S.A. 1st ed. Singer]Antilles panaeolus. 1996. Brief molecular data for species in each genus is also provided. Morphological and molecular evidence for a new species of Psilocybe from southern China. minor Sacc., Anellaria fimiputris, Panaeolus fimiputris, and Anellaria semiovata (Sowerby) A. Pearson & Dennis. Quel. Origgio: Edizioni Candusso. amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; Int. Mycol. Thirty-three and 55 species of Psilocybe have been shown to be positive for psilocybin using physico-chemical methods (Wurst et al., 2002; Andersson et al., 2009). nov., a new species and a new record of the European species G. hybridus from northeast China. Mol. Allen (2012) reported 146 species that either had bluing reactions or confirmed the presence of psilocybin and psilocin using physico-chemical methods. Am. phalaenarum. Panaeolus means variegated - and indeed the caps of many Panaeolus species are zoned, but the generic name is not a reference to the cap coloring but to the mottled or variegated coloring of the gills. Although the lower two-thirds of the stipe is the same colour Kuihner, R. (1980). Panaeolus africanus - Wikipedia Psychoactive tryptamines have been found in Plu. doi: 10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00211-5. Pan. In Thailand, Psi. It is possible that it was used as an additive to themeadorbeerof the Germanic peoples. as as the cap, the colour becomes noticeably paler towards the apex. A white, fragile, superior upwards facing ring persists to Panaeolus cyanescens(Berk. 1979. A Finnish sample was found to containpsilocybin. Its somewhat convex cap quickly becomes plane and is 2 to 6 cm in diameter. 10, 453479. foenisecii, Pan. J. Bot. Phytotaxa 496, 147158. Comptes rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences(Paris) 262:51923. In 1963 Tyler and Smith found that this mushroom contains serotonin, 5-HTP and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Sacred mushroom of visions: Teonanacatl. The Dung Roundhead, has a transient ring and leaves a brown spore print. Fungi 34, 19. A tale of two speciespossible origins of red to purple-coloured Gymnopilus species in Europe. Cap: 4-10cm in diameter. Biol. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0048-y, evkov, H., Borovika, J., and Gates, G. (2021). Panaeolus foenisecii(Fries) Khner [syn. I found an old book in a libary that said it was the one used by the Aztecs as a hallucinagen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). thaiaerugineomaculans, Psi. minor Sacc., Anellaria fimiputris, Panaeolus fimiputris, and Anellaria semiovata (Sowerby) A. Pearson & Dennis. Acad. Panaeolus cyanescensis easily confused withPanaeolus tropicalesandPanaeolus cambodginiensis(cf. Qulet, Panaeolus sepulcralis Berk., Anellaria sepulchralis (Berk.) doi: 10.1007/S12272-020-01213-6, Lenz, C., Wick, J., Braga, D., GarciaAltares, M., Lackner, G., Hertweck, C., et al. 39:389. doi: 10.2307/4638477, Konno, K. (2009). (2003). 10th ed. Singer, R. (1986). semiovatus, also known as Panaeolus semiovatus and Anellaria separata, is a medium-sized buff-colored mushroom/toadstool that grows on horse dung, and has black spores. Gurevich, L. S. 1993. Badham, E. R. (1984). Osmundson, T. W., Robert, V. A., Schoch, C. L., Baker, L. J., Smith, A., Robich, G., et al. For more information, please see our Pharmazie40 (6): 43132. Wang, Y.-W., and Tzean, S.-S. (2015). Another book just said it is best to stay away from all Panaeolus because reports of poisoning, but I think they just don't want you expanding . The slender stipe (stem) of Panaeolus semiovatus is 5-15cm tall and 2-3.5mm in diameter. Observations regarding the suspected psychoactive properties ofPanaeolina foeniseciiMaire. ex Fr.) ater, Pan. 56, 255257. The following is a list of the about 98 Panaeolus mushroom species: Panaeolus acidus Panaeolus acuminatus Panaeolus affinis Panaeolus africanus, psychoactive Panaeolus albellus Panaeolus albidocinereus Panaeolus albovelutinus Panaeolus alcidis Panaeolus alveolatus Panaeolus annulatus Panaeolus anomalus Panaeolus antillarum Panaeolus atomatus till Knnedom av Finlands Natur och Folk 32, 1571. Pharmacol. Gerhardt, E. 1987. Note the black spores. Gymnopilus is subdivided into sections Annulati, which has a membranous partial veil, and Gymnopilus, which lacks a veil (Guzmn-Dvalos et al., 2003). Pileipellis cellular/hymeniform, with pileocystidia. Am. (Most gilled fungi were initially placed in a giant Agaricus genus, but the majority have since been redistributed to other genera leaving the 'true mushrooms' in Agaricus.) subbalteatus has a sequence available for the elongation factor subunit 1 gene region (Li et al., 2019), and Pan. Narrowly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; grayish to brownish at first, becoming darker brown; sometimes with a mottled appearance; sometimes with pale edges. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc, 813820. Beihefte zur Nov. Hedwigia. The family relationships of Panaeolus remain complex. 9, 130175. Panaeolus subbalteatuscontains approximately 0.7%psilocybinand 0.46% baeocystin along with large amounts of serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but it does not contain psilocin (Gartz 1989). Review of Mycology33:28490. Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., Villalobos-Armbula, A. R., Rodrguez, A., Matheny, P. B., Snchez-Garca, M., et al. Psilocin, psilocybin, serotonin and urea inPanaeolus cyanescensfrom various origins. semiglobata, the Dung Roundhead, is more spherical, has a amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "dmgbiz-20"; (2021). Gymnopilus contains over 200 species world-wide and has a psychedelic type species, namely Gymnopilus liquiritiae (Figure 1J; Karsten, 1879; Wurst et al., 2002; Kalichman et al., 2020). Other names: The Shiny Mottlegill, Egghead Mottlegill. Singer, R. (1949). Copelandia papilionacea(Bull. Panaeolus antillarum is a small-medium sized mushroom with a bell-shaped cap on a long and relatively thin stem. Olah, G. M. 1968. The caps and stems of some species may bruise a greenish-blue, similar to that of a human bruise, when the mushroom is damaged, aged or drying indicating the presence of psychedelic compounds (Lenz et al., 2020). Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: an overview. Fungal Divers 64, 123131. The generic name Panaeolus means variegated - a reference to the mottling on the gills - while the specific epithet semiovatus means 'half an egg', so Egghead Mottlegill seems appropriate but perhaps Half-an-Egghead Mottlegill would have been even better. Prior to taking ANY supplements you should consult a health care professional. Gartz, Jochen. doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0087-0001. (2006). Phytotaxa 156, 211220. For. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Forestry. Evolution of rDNA ITS1 and ITS2 sequences and RNA secondary structures within members of the fungal genera Grosmannia and Leptographium. doi: 10.1016/S0269-915X(99)80107-4, Sette, L. D., Passarini, M. R. Z., Rodrigues, A., Leal, R. R., Simioni, K. C. M., Nobre, F. S., et al. Cheilocystidia 2565 x 7.510 m; cylindric to sublageniform; flexuous; with subclavate to subcapitate apices; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Sacc. Psychoactive tryptamines from basidiomycetes. It grows in pastures, in nutrientrich meadows with dung deposits, and directly on dung. Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., and Guzmn-Dvalos, L. (2013a). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The statements made on healing-mushrooms.net have NOT been evaluated by the FDA. Int. Qul. Japan 44, 4448. Panaeolus papilionaceus] (Schultes 1939**). Gymnopilus is morphologically similar to Armillaria, and frequently found in similar substrates, such as grassy areas and decomposing wood (Figures 1K,L; Rees et al., 1999; Spring et al., 2016). Where mostly ITS sequence data is available, more genes should be added for phylogenetics, and numerous more species remain to be sequenced. Bidr. (2002) included five species of Gymnopilus (G. aeruginosus, G. penetrans, G. picreus, G. sapineus, and G. spectabilis) in a study describing Anamika, a genus of Cortinariaceae, using both the ITS and LSU gene regions. doi: 10.5248/134.739, Flaherty, G. T., Maxemous, K. K., Nossier, R. E., and Bui, Y. G. (2017). Int. Mykologisches Mitteilungsblatt15:6163. Int. Dark brown to purple-brown or nearly black. Though nonpoisonous,[1] it is generally regarded as inedible,[2] and a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. For example, Galerina autumnalis looks similar to Psilocybe stuntzii (Figure 1C), and results in sharp abdominal pain, violent vomiting, liver and kidney failure leading to possible death in 7 to 10 days if consumed accidentally (Stamets, 1996). darkening to black as the spores mature; often paler at the edge; adnate sphinctrinus, Pan. Bres. Mycologia 77:172. doi: 10.2307/3793267, Redhead, S. A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Matheny, P. B., and Guzmn, L. Guzmn-Dvalos. An additional hurdle making psychedelic mushroom identification difficult is the continuous variation in cap, stem and gill morphology (Guzmn, 2009). By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Panaeolina foenisecii is a very common and widely distributed little brown mushroom often found on lawns. cebolinhae, Plu. Forensic Sci. . Panaeolus papilionaceusis a common species found throughout the world. The genus Gymnopilus (Fungi, Agaricales) in the Czech Republic with respect to collections from other European countries. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00073-X. thaiduplicatocystidiata and Psi. The gills of Pa Wild Mushroom. It also has a light-colored, viscid cap when moist, but doesn't occur on dung. Expert Brief. Separating this Panaeolus from other members of the same genus is very straightforward, because this is the only common member of the clan that has a stem ring. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012, Justo, A., Malysheva, E., Bulyonkova, T., Vellinga, E. C., Cobian, G., Nguyen, N., et al. Panaeolus semiovatus never stains bluish..and also despite a rather large collection here.not really any typical stipitate membranous annular velar usually present for P. semiovatus (var. The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act. Mycosphere 11, 10601456. The psilocybin and psilocin levels are higher in Panaeolus cyanescens than in other 'magic mushrooms,' of which there may be over 100 different types. The combination of morphological and molecular methods of identification have been used to split genera, such as was the case for Psilocybe and Deconica, and transfer species, previously thought to be psychedelic, to non-psychedelic genera (Moncalvo et al., 2002; Matheny et al., 2006; Norvell et al., 2010; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2012). Saupe, S. G. (1981). Guzmn, G. (1983). doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7, Castellanos, J. P., Woolley, C., Bruno, K. A., Zeidan, F., Halberstadt, A., and Furnish, T. (2020). Adv. Dung-associated, Potentially Hallucinogenic Mushrooms from Taiwan. While some guides list this species as edible, a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. 46, 855867. Pluteus includes a few species that are psilocybin producing. For example, Psathyrella present fading spores while Panaeolus spores will not be effected (Kaur et al., 2014). Annali dei Musei . et Smith) (Roth et al. (Photographed near the Externsteine, a series of standing stones), The cover of this CD by Shaw Blades, with the telling titleHallucination, features specimens ofPanaeolus subbalteatusin the right foreground. Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in magic mushrooms, have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. et Br.) The mushroom is cultivated in Bali and purportedly is used both in native festivals and in the tourist trade (Cox 1981, 115). Reg. Persoonia Mol. doi: 10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.397.2.3. However, sequences of all the genes are not available for most species. (2020). Kirk, P., Cannon, P., Minter, D., and Stalpers, J. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: A case report. Panaeolusspp.). Available online at: https://mushroomobserver.org/ [Accessed October 7, 2021]. Mushroom Observer (2021). doi: 10.1201/9780429061653-11, Guzmn, G. (2012). One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. This fungal ambrosia later became the sacrament of the Eleusinian and Orphic mysteries. doi: 10.2307/3558378. Psychedelics and mental health: a population study. Necopinatus, and Plu. Razaq, A., Khalid, A. N., and Illyas, S. (2012). Duneman, N. (2021). (2013). First Report of Panaeolus sphinctrinus and Panaeolus foenisecii (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) on Elephant Dung from Sri Lanka. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2010.07.005. Panaeolus semiovatus, the egghead mottlegill, is invariably found on dung or 1985b. The Agaricales (mushrooms) in modern taxonomy. Similar to Panaeolina foenisecii. Addict. Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R., Hendricks, P. S., and Henningfield, J. E. (2018). Landry, B. New taxonomical and ethnomycological observations on Psilocybe s.s. (Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricales, Strophariaceae) from Mexico, Africa and Spain. Lloydia 21, 195299. In Greek folklore, mushrooms are still referred to as the food of the gods (Ripinisky-Naxon 1988, 5*). Biol. The genus Pluteus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Pluteaceae) from Republic of So Tom and Prncipe, West Africa. F. Mycol. Bergner, H., and R. Oettel. : Fr.) IMC9 Edinburgh Nomenclature Sessions. The region is sufficiently variable to allow single nucleotide polymorphisms or more to differentiate one species from another. Nord. The stem flesh is pale yellowish and very brittle. The blue stains result from an oxidative reaction when psilocybin is exposed to oxygen (Lenz et al., 2020). Claviceps purpurea) with the wordmykon(mushroom). . Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Panaeolus Antillarum Identification and Description. Evol. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8, Wurst, M., Kysilka, R., and Flieger, M. (2002). (2002) showed the genus to be polyphyletic with psychedelic species grouping the Strophariaceae and non-psychedelic species grouping the Hymenogastraceae (Moncalvo et al., 2002; Matheny et al., 2006). acuminatus, Pan. Guzmn, G., Ramrez, F., Escalona, F., and Jacobs, J. plantaginiformis, Pan. 115, 120. Front. Holec, J. In a study of sequestrate fungi in the Cortinariaceae using the ITS region, three species of Gymnopilus (G. sapineus, G. penetrans, and G. spectabilis) were used as an outgroup (Peintner et al., 2001). Photo 1 - Author: Jrg Hempel (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany), Photo 2 - Author: Renata Borges (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 3 - Author: Renata Borges (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 4 - Author: Captainpixel (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported), Photo 5 - Author: Tigerente (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported), Panaeolus semiovatus Mushroom Identification, Panaeolus semiovatus Taxonomy and Etymology. Also observed in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. (2010). 37, 17. Although the lower two-thirds of the stipe is the same colour as as the cap, the colour becomes noticeably paler towards the apex. Fungi in the Environment, in Fungi: Biology and ApplicationsThird Edition, ed. doi: 10.3358/shokueishi.44.44, Matheny, P. B., Curtis, J. M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M. C., Moncalvo, J.-M., Ge, Z.-W., et al. These include Pluteus atricapillus, Plu. (A rare variety var. 22, 5772. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Gerhardt, E. (1996). Plant Taxon. Front. Cheilocystidia absent or inconspicuous and basidiole-like. Lyon 10, 9011027. 1st ed. Panaeolus semiovatus var. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.2.4, Shaffer, R. L., and Singer, R. (1976). There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rRNA gene for a large subunit and their identification using the TaqMan assay (II). (2008). Guzmn, G., Allen, J. W., and Gartz, J. cyanopus, Plu. maturity. (V oucher specimens are deposited at the related University Herbariums of the . Fungal Divers 44, 5363. I believe Mushrooms are the best kept secret when it comes to health and well being. Bres. paucicystidiatus (Menolli et al., 2015) and a further 12 species were sequenced for the ITS and tef1 gene regions (Justo et al., 2014). Medicina 41, 10671070. Contains 0.55 to 0.6%psilocybinand psilocin (Merlin and Allen 1993). Strbrn, J., Borovicka, J., and Sokol, M. O. Is "Sass" a natural form of MDMA (or MDA)? Hallucinogenic mushrooms. 15, 115130. olivaceus occupies a kind of middle ground in that some specimens . The pale lamellae become increasingly dark as the black spores develop. (Indonesian batik, twentieth century). The reddish brown lamellae are emarginate and later turn black because of the spores. Lilloa 22, 5832. Neuropharmacology 142, 143166. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.180.1.1, Justo, A., Minnis, A. M., Ghignone, S., Menolli, N., Capelari, M., Rodrguez, O., et al. Int. Maruyama, T., Kawahara, N., Yokoyama, K., Makino, Y., Fukiharu, T., and Goda, Y. (2009). Panaeolina foenisecii is the type species of the Panaeolina genus, which contains very few species. Guzmn (1983) and Singer (1986) recognised Psilocybe in the Hymenogastraceae, and included non-bluing and non-psychedelic species (Redhead and Guzmn, 1985; Stamets, 1996; Guzmn, 2012). Cookie Notice Coprophilic fungi | Project Noah 1992. Panaeolus Cyanescens: The Psychedelic Blue Meanies Mushroom Checklist of Bolivian Agaricales. Dunkelrandiger dngerling, gezoneerde vlek plaat (Dutch), gezonter dngerling, magusotake (Japanese, horse pasture mushroom). Off-white becoming mottled brown and Pharm. Andersson, C., Kristinsson, J., and Gry, J. Magic mushrooms around the world: a scientific journey across cultures and time - the case for challenging research and value systems. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Some of the Panaeolus genus have been known to cause gastric upset. 3-9 cm; irregularly egg-shaped, becoming broadly conic or convex; slimy when fresh; often slightly wrinkled, but bald; whitish to pale tan; soft; the margin not lined; occasionally with hanging partial veil fragments. Acta Botanica Mex. Psilocybin can be accurately measured in bluing species using physico-chemical methods (Passie et al., 2002). Molecular identification and phylogeny of some wild microscopic fungi from selected areas of Jaen, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The thin rather brittle cap flesh is off-white. semiovatus per Gerhardt 1996) . Phylogenetic relationships of alpha-amanitin producing Galerina from British Columbia. 59, 423429. It is primarily a stimulant similar to a mild amphetamine. thaizapoteca (Guzmn et al., 2012; Li et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014). doi: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101273, Chen, Z., Zhang, P., and Zhang, Z. (PDF) Panaeolus Subfirmus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), a Species New Pluteus horakianus, a new species from Mexico, based on morphological and molecular data. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.028, Maruyama, T., Shirota, O., Kawahara, N., Yokoyama, K., Makino, Y., and Goda, Y. (2021). amzn_assoc_region = "US"; Available online at: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/psilocybin-legal-therapy-mdma-753946/ [Accessed November 17, 2020]. Many states in the United States of America have started making changes in legislations regarding the use and culturing of psychedelic mushrooms (Hartman, 2018). doi: 10.2307/3761920, Halling, R. E., Ammirati, J. F., Traquair, J. Panaeolus olivaceus is a weakly psychoactive mushroom species. Back by popular demand, Pat O'Reilly's best-selling 450-page hardback book is available now. Separating this Panaeolus from other members of the same genus is very straight forward because this is the only common member of the clan that has a stem ring. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v8.i3.110, Guzmn-Dvalos, L., Mueller, G. M., Cifuentes, J., Miller, A. N., and Santerre, A. doi: 10.1127/nova-hedwigia/2020/0609, Dalefield, R. (2017). Although available studies include increasingly more detailed descriptions of species, there is currently no up to date monograph or guide (Hiland, 1978; Guzmn et al., 2004, 2016; Borovika, 2008; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013a; Corts-Prez et al., 2021). Panaeolus antillarum (Fries) Dennis sensu Dennis [syn. Gymnopilus typically include lignicolous species that grow on wood as well as grassy areas with decomposing wood (Guzmn-Dvalos et al., 2003). doi: 10.1017/S0953756201005445, Tth, A., Hausknecht, A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Papp, T., Vgvlgyi, C., and Nagy, L. G. (2013). Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts (2005). brunneocrinitus, Plu.