More than 58,000 Americans died in Vietnam, and more than 150,000 were wounded. During the course of the conflict . Global confidence in America as the arsenal of democracy also suffered. They also reflect the fact that fact that the DoD began to avoid the budget caps established by the Budget Control Act from FY2014 onwards by including them in the Afghan War OCO account. Following its 1945 defeat in World War II, Japan withdrew its forces from Vietnam, leaving the French-educated Emperor Bao Dai in control. One caveat to this, however, was that men who were in college could be excused from the draft. The data for FY2018 show that the civil effort is being slashed without any explanation or justification of the cutsparticularly in key areas like economic growthwhere poverty is now steadily increasing and both sets of populations face major humanitarian crisesand in governance, where all of the host country governments are ranked as some of the most corrupt and incapable governments in the world and a lack of popular support is a key issue. have empathy for the Use the notes you completed during the lesson to write a par - Quizlet In December 1960, Diems many opponents within South Vietnamboth communist and non-communistformed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to organize resistance to the regime. This section updates part of another CRS studyone by Stephen Daggetthat attempted to cost past American wars from the American Revolution through the Persian Gulf War, and the early phases of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. American body counts of the enemy were notoriously unreliable and were often little more than ambitious estimates. they worked together but the north attacked areas around the the first 3 sectors of vietnam like the DMZ, the highlands and around saigon. Other charts summarize work by Todd Harrison of CSIS showing the extent to which non-OCO expenditures became included in the OCO budget accounts. Between two million and three million people are believed to have fled these countries in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Believing that the Soviet Union had backed the invasion, United States President Harry Truman and his advisers followed . Cost and force size pressures also tend to create pressure to rely on sudden and temporary "surges," which may or may not be effective, and the use of short rotations and temporary duty personnelaffecting levels of experience and capability. He died of cancer at 44. The French loss at the battle ended almost a century of French colonial rule in Indochina. If one counts the Cold War, the United States has been at war for virtually every year since 1941. This section compares current total U.S. baseline and war spending with the spending of other states. The Costs of War Project is a team of 35 scholars, legal experts, human rights practitioners, and physicians, which began its work in 2011. . More than two decades of violent conflict had inflicted a devastating toll on Vietnams population: After years of warfare, an estimated 2 million Vietnamese were killed, while 3 million were wounded and another 12 million became refugees. Throughout both conflicts, reporting has focused on total personnel rather than on the function and capability of the personnel engaged. It cost America over $100bn, and damaged its reputation and morale at home. Conservative estimates suggest the war claimed around 1.9 million Vietnamese lives, as well as the lives of 200,000 Cambodians and 100,000 Laotians. Many refugees fled Indochina in overcrowded boats, usually converted fishing boats, poorly maintained and unsuited to the open ocean. Did you know? Greeks. ^1 1. Vietnam War | Facts, Summary, Years, Timeline, Casualties - Britannica Seeing an opportunity to seize control, Hos Viet Minh forces immediately rose up, taking over the northern city of Hanoi and declaring a Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with Ho as president. The Human Cost - NHHC As the second of the Indochina Wars, the Vietnam War was originally fought between North and South Vietnam. Military Resources: Vietnam War | National Archives While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. These defoliants denuded large areas of Vietnam, leaving farmland barren and untouchable for several years. NARA Resources Core Collections on the Vietnam War From the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, "This guide summarizes core holdings on: the war in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos especially during the Nixon and Ford administrations; the flight of refugees from Indochina after April 1975 and the admittance of many to the United States; the accounting of U.S. armed forces MIAs and The human, environmental and economic costs of the Vietnam War were devastating. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva. These war costs stalled some of Lyndon Johnsons Great Society reforms, including anti-poverty measures and improvements to social security. It was 146% of the $619.7 billion total ($560.7 Baseline plus the $58.8 billion in OCO costs). Yet, the Administration and the Congress have tended to treat warfighting as a temporary aberrationas something to be delt with by supplementals or creating short-term budget categories like the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) account that seem to reflect the cost of wars, but have become something of a slush fund and a mechanism for selectively avoiding the caps on defense spending set by the BCA. He was in Vietnam when he was 20 years old. Key metrics are provided for the U.S. use of airpower, showing a major rise in support of Afghan forces in CY2017. It is important to note that separate work by Todd Harrison of CSIS in assessing the overall OCO account Enduring Dilemma of Overseas Contingency Operations Funding, Transition45 Series, January 11, 2017states that both Congress and the Obama administration moved items from the base budget to the OCO budget as a way of circumventing the BCA budget caps. Active duty strength has gotten far more expensive relative to DoD civilian full time employees and U.S. and foreign contractors. : Assessing Chinas April 2023 Military Exercises Against Taiwan, ROK President State Visit to Washington: The Capital Cable #69, The Future of U.S. Natural Gas: A Conversation with Charif Souki, Download PDF file of "U.S. Military Spending: The Cost of Wars", Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy, Diversity and Leadership in International Affairs Project, Energy Security and Climate Change Program, As is discussed in several parts of this report, work by Amy Belasco of the CRS has provided two reports that attempted to cost America's wars. Date accessed: May 01, 2023 Or would he have gone in a quote better direction based upon how he handled other things as president? 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead. answer choices He believed it was the duty of the United States to assist all nations in need. Working under the domino theory, which held that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many other countries would follow, Kennedy increased U.S. aid, though he stopped short of committing to a large-scale military intervention. The terms of this expansion included yet more funding and arms, but a key alteration was the commitment of U.S. soldiers to the region. This version has been revised to correct some of the terminology used and to make it clear that there is no way to fully reflect the proposed FY2018 costs of OCO activity because the President has not yet determined the FY2018 level of effort in Afghanistan, and the current OCO budget data for FY2018 are the cost of extending the FY2017 program. This started with their homecoming and reception. The arguments about the war were heated and visceral and led Americans to question one anothers morality and good faith. OMB does not report total costs of homeland defense for all departments in the FY2018 budget request for unexplained reasons. URL: https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/costs-of-the-vietnam-war/ He authorized a series of bombing campaigns, most notably Operation Rolling Thunder, and also committed hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight. The end result in both countries was a resurgence in threat capabilities that forced the U.S. to redeploygreatly increasing the marginal cost of the war. Direct link to Logan's post Everyone had made mistake, Posted 4 years ago. In August of 1964, after DRV torpedo boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson ordered the retaliatory bombing of military targets in North Vietnam. The question of who won the Vietnam War has been a subject of debate, and the answer depends on the definition of victory. Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. Given the estimates that the real costs are already well over $4 trillion, these multipliers would be more than doubled if any of the alternative war costs cited earlier are correct. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. On June 25, 1950, Kim launched a surprise invasion of South Korea. Failing to address casualties does not defuse the issues they raise or the reality that they too are a cost of war. Vietnam veterans in the US, Australia and other countries have suffered from increased rates of cancers and birth defects in their offspring. Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after President Richard Nixon signed the Paris Peace Accords and ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. Direct link to Carla Cristina Almeida's post I have a question about t, Posted 6 years ago. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. The rise of communist regimes saw more than two million people flee south-east Asia. Many were unfairly harassed and abused by anti-war protestors. Share Facebook Share Twitter Share. Johnsons new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. Consequences of the war for the USA - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE Two decades of military intervention and bankrolling friendly regimes cost the United States almost $US170 billion (close to $1 trillion in todays terms). "John F. Kennedy expanded US support for the South Vietnamese government, including an increase in US military advisers, the doubling of military assistance, and authorization of the use of napalm, herbicides, and defoliants". "War" may not be the normal state of U.S. national security planning indefinitely into the future, but warand/or the constant risk of waris a grim reality of our time. Feeding, supplying and paying the armies and navies was, by far, the largest expenditure of the war. One of the striking aspects of American military power is how little serious attention is spent on examining the key elements of its total cost by war and mission, and the linkage between the use of resources and the presence of an effective strategy. The total cost of all U.S. aid to Afghanistan through FY2016 is $115.3 billion, which is 16 percent of the total OCO cost of $728.9 billion from FY2001 to FY2016. Vietnam Veterans Memorial | Facts, Designer, & Controversy Between July 1966 and December 1973, more than 503,000 U.S. military personnel deserted, and a robust anti-war movement among American forces spawned violent protests, killings and mass incarcerations of personnel stationed in Vietnam as well as within the United States. The economic and human costs of the Vietnam War were devastating. It also has been revised to show the FY2018 costs of the U.S. train and assist missions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in depth. Other people may have felt differently. Civilian casualties are not assessed in spite of the fact that this has become a critical political and operational issue, and subject of both debate and threat propaganda. Under a broad free market policy put in place in 1986, the economy began to improve, boosted by oil export revenues and an influx of foreign capital. Total estimates of the cost through FY2018 have been made earlier. The nation spent more than $120 billion on the conflict in Vietnam from 1965-73; this massive spending led to widespread inflation, exacerbated by a worldwide oil crisis in 1973 and skyrocketing fuel prices. Kennedys expansion stemmed in part from Cold War-era fears about the domino theory: if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would topple democracies throughout the whole of Southeast Asia, it was thought. In January 1973, the United States and North Vietnam concluded a final peace agreement, ending open hostilities between the two nations. In 1965, Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the war. Wars cost money to fight, and the Civil War was no exception. In 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington, D.C. On it were inscribed the names of 57,939 American men and women killed or missing in the war; later additions brought that total to 58,200. One key aspect of the current cost of U.S. wars is thatdespite their high costthey represent a comparatively low burden on the U.S. economy in terms of GDP, total federal spending, labor, capital, and use of the U.S. industrial base. During one, on May 4, 1970, at Kent State University in Ohio, National Guardsmen shot and killed four students. C. It tells the readers that Question 1: "did it seem like an utter waste of time and resources?" These pressuresplus political sensitivity over U.S casualtieshelped create plans and/or the willingness to withdraw quickly from Iraq and Afghanistan. The Congressional Research Service (CRS), and the General Accountability Office (GAO), have provided several reports that do provide important insights into the cost of America's wars and the problems in the ways in which they are reported. Despite the concerns of some of his advisers about this escalation, and about the entire war effort amid a growing anti-war movement, Johnson authorized the immediate dispatch of 100,000 troops at the end of July 1965 and another 100,000 in 1966. The Vietnam War was a 19-year conflict involving Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The next few years would bring even more carnage, including the horrifying revelation that U.S. soldiers had mercilessly slaughtered more than 400 unarmed civilians in the village of My Lai in March 1968. The subsequent treaty signed in July 1954 at a Geneva conference split Vietnam along the latitude known as the 17th Parallel (17 degrees north latitude), with Ho in control in the North and Bao in the South. As Mr. Dagget notes, there are serious uncertainties in the cost estimates of past wars, but it is striking that if the cost to date of the Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars are shown in constant dollars, even the comparatively low end estimate of $2 trillion through FY2018 would makes these wars more expensive than every other period of conflict in American history except the American revolution, the Civil War, and World War II.
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