Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. The other trial randomized subjects diagnosed with infection-related asthma to receive 5 g/day of vitamin C or a placebo for one week; a lower proportion of participants was found to present with bronchial hypersensitivity to histaminewhich characterizes chronic asthmain the vitamin C group compared to the control group (reviewed in 179). Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Making sense of early high-dose intravenous vitamin C in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med. Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. BMC Ophthalmol. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical and there are no known differences regarding biological activities or bioavailability(186). Arch Intern Med. (PubMed), 157. (PubMed), 78. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial has examined the effect of intravenous vitamin C administered to patients with stable angina undergoing elective coronary angioplasty (130). Dr. Ward Dean, MD answered 5 years ago. Regular supplementation with vitamin C (0.25 to 2 g/day) did not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population (23 trials); however, in participants undergoing heavy physical stress (e.g., marathon runners, skiers, or soldiers in subarctic conditions), vitamin C supplementation halved the incidence of colds (5 trials). Sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are the most common forms, although a number of other mineral ascorbates are available. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Lagowska-Lenard M, Stelmasiak Z, Bartosik-Psujek H. Influence of vitamin C on markers of oxidative stress in the earliest period of ischemic stroke. 2012;66(5):561-568. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. (PubMed), 35. Research Associate 2018;9:809. (PubMed), 61. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Recall Matthias Rath and Linus Pauling's finding that lysine + vitamin C prevents Lipoprotein(a), a cholesterol-like particle, from forming within coronary arteries via its ability to take the place of Lp(a). The protocol also limited microvascular dysfunction (i.e., improved microcirculatory perfusion) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge (on day 84) (138, 139). Am J Epidemiol. (PubMed), 208. 2005;17(3):341-345. A lower dose of 200 mg/day did not significantly affect blood lead concentration, although serum vitamin C concentrations were not different from those in the group who took 1,000 mg/day. In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. 1999;181(4):1026-1035. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. Liu C, Russell RM. When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). 2014;5:e1083. Large doses of vitamin C may block the action of warfarin and thus lower its effectiveness. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. 2014;6(9):3818-3846. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine) can inhibit vitamin C uptake by intestinal cells in vitro. (PubMed), 23. (PubMed), 129. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;7(1):e29794. (PubMed), 135. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. Nutr J. 2010;70(14):5749-5758. (PubMed), 90. University of Otago Results from 7,277 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 indicated that an estimated 7.1% of individuals ages 6 years were deficient in vitamin Cbased on serum vitamin C concentrations <11.4 mol/L (36). Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). (PubMed), 139. (PubMed), 49. (PubMed), 151. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Compared to orally administered vitamin C, intravenous vitamin C can result in 30 to 70-fold higher plasma vitamin C concentrations (25). Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. Linus Pauling's Vitamin C Therapy: A Personal Experience Jane Higdon, Ph.D. The global and regional burden of stroke. (PubMed), 153. Ischemic stroke occurs when an obstruction within a blood vessel blocks blood flow to the brain. 2016;6(2):243-250. Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. (PubMed), 164. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. A 2017 review of eight published randomized controlled trials found inconsistent results from seven trials reporting on the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cholesterol and triglycerides, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease(52). (PubMed), 118. Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. After five years of follow-up, vitamin C supplement use was associated with a small decreased risk of total mortality, although no association was found with cardiovascular disease- or cancer-specific mortality. JAMA. The majority of large, population-based studies examining the relationship of vitamin C intake or supplementation with AD incidence have reported null results (100). Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). 2012;38(2):114-122. (PubMed), 37. Cardiovasc Res. In the past 40 years, numerous placebo-controlled trials have examined the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of colds. (PubMed), 150. A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. 2011;2(2):78-88. (PubMed), 180. The significance of the CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio in AD progression requires further study. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). Reversing Heart Disease | Linus Pauling | Tower Laboratories Arthritis Rheum. (PubMed), 11. Am J Clin Nutr. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). 2010;126(6):1504-1512. 2014;311(20):2074-2082. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Thompson CA, Cerhan JR. Fruit and vegetable intake and survival from non-Hodgkin lymphoma: does an apple a day keep the doctor away? PLoS One. Lower vitamin C concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular matrix of a mouse model of AD were found to increase oxidative stress and accelerate amyloid deposition and disease progression (98). The effect of intravenous vitamin C infusion on periprocedural myocardial injury for patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Nutr Metab Insights. The measurement of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is often used as a functional marker of endothelial function; FMD values are inversely correlated with the risk of future cardiovascular events (38). Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. These contradictory findings indicate that further research is needed on potential interactions between antioxidant supplements and cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Front Oncol. Lysine also prevents collagen-digesting enzymes from destroying collagen. (PubMed), 114. Science. 2015;20(2):210-223. Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. Vitamin C supplements and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study in women. (PubMed), 13. Hankey GJ. 2012;37(1):4-16. (PubMed), 104. In contrast, observational studies reported lower plasma vitamin C concentrations in AD patients compared to cognitively healthy subjects (101)and found better cognitive function or lower risk of cognitive impairment with higher plasma vitamin C (100).
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