. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? Using the terms fascism and Nazism interchangeably is incorrect because they are not synonyms. Early success in the Po Valley. It became clear that Socialism was one of Fascisms main political enemies. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. (Nov 06), To what extent was the rise to power of either Hitler or Mao due to personal appeal and ability? Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. Economic Crisis. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. Russia has lost its soft power: how war in Ukraine destabilises old Soviet allies, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. But the Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. Following a series of planned demonstrations known as the March on Rome, Mussolini was named Prime Minister by the King of Italy. Yet this discouraging near-term political picture becomes less ominous, or at least less clear-cut, if one looks down the road. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Ultimately, however, the Fascists were unable to achieve the kind of totalitarian, authoritarian system they had envisioned. The pandemic has provided a trigger or opportunity for numerous nondemocratic or illiberal governments to impose new restrictions on civil liberties, persecute opponents, limit protests, delay elections, and introduce new mass surveillance techniques. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. The three themes for this topic are: 1. In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. He used authoritarian tactics to solidify communist control of the Soviet Union. To what extent did the structure and organization of government in Germany between 1933 and 1939 contribute to Hitlers maintenance of power? The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. Landsbergis tweeted: If anyone is still wondering why the Baltic states dont trust China to broker peace in Ukraine, heres a Chinese ambassador arguing that Crimea is Russian and our countries borders have no legal basis.. 97- - How did Castro deal with the media? Fascist squads racked up wins as they marched through the provinces crushing socialists, intimidating liberals, and deposing agents of the state. They work together. The Nazis were revolutionaries who wanted to radically transform Germany. Unsurprisingly, the economic conditions in a nation have long played an integral role in the emergence of authoritarian states, with such an idea perfectly illustrated through the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist authoritarian state . In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. HITLER [speaking German]: 87-88 - What internal threats existed to Castro and how were they dealt with? Account for theineffectiveness of internal opposition to two rulers of single-party states. 89 - How did the USA use economics to try and destabilise Castro? Russia/USSR - Lenin ItalyMussolini GermanyHitler USSRStalin ChinaMao Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Beijing has insisted it respects the status of the independent nations that emerged from the USSR after totally unacceptable remarks by Chinas ambassador to France questioning the sovereignty of former Soviet states sparked outrage in EU capitals. The first world war, from 1914 to 1918, was fought throughout Europe and beyond. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. Washington, DC 20024-2126 These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. Emergence of authoritarian states. Standards of behavior were changing. Finally, issues with political legitimacy have also hurt some authoritarians pandemic policies. Compare and contrast the impact of the policies of two authoritarian states on women. 95-6. In 1938 Mussolini published a "Manifesto of Fascist Racism." -Frequent changes of chancellor. TEXT ON SCREEN: 2 . Adolf Hitler. Do you see any of them flying around? NARRATOR: - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. German authorities sent thousands, including leftist members of Parliament, to newly established concentration camps. So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. Direct link to Faviel Rapalo's post this was cool. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. 100. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. The modern Italian soldier on the stamp is dressed like a Roman legionnaire. Only outside of Italy, in the arena of empire, were the Fascists really able to experiment with totalitarianism. The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. 1 E TNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS f2 ETNOPOLTKA ARATIRMALARI DERGS Alt aylk yaygn sreli uluslararas dergi mtiyaz Sahibi: Gler Kalay Genel Yayn Ynetmeni/Editr: Gler Kalay Yayn Kurulu: Prof. Havva KK ARSLAN, skdar niversitesi, Trkiye Prof. Babak REZVANI, Amsterdam niversitesi . This document contains: The emergence of authoritarian states: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: Economic factors. They believed Japan had a superior culture, and could rule other Asians better than the European empires had. During this time, about one-third of the Communist Party's three million members were killed. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. (May 10 TZ1), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power of one left-wing and one right-wing single-party ruler. A rising authoritarian wave. 97. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. (Nov 2006. A rising authoritarian wave | openDemocracy These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The result was a state that, while authoritarian, was never really totalitarian within the territory of Italy. New ideas introduced in politics. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. However, as we have seen, Mussolini's compromises with conservatives and liberal elites put up too many obstacles for this plan to succeed. Article III of the OAU Refugee Convention in Context: the Emergence of The Fascists saw that the liberal state was weak and vulnerable to challenge. They were confident they could control Hitler. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. Dams, Diversions, and Development: Slow Resistance and Authoritarian Now we must win the German people. Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. Examine the impact of the foreign policy of two authoritarian states on the maintenance of power in those states. How colonial rule predisposed Africa to fragile authoritarianism They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. Emergence of authoritarian states. Authoritarian States This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. You should include the following ideas from the unit content of Paper 2 Topic Authoritarian States: Emergence of the State. - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Social and economic policies in authoritarian states did not always achieve their aims.. He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. The Fascists craved revolution and total power, but instead found they had to cooperate with different, mostly conservative political parties. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. After local resistance was crushed, Mussolini's regime established a tight grip over the region. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. What were his aims economically and socially? -Must give jobs to men Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. Democratic Authoritarianism: Origins and Effects | Annual Review of The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. . Some have, in fact, exhibited valuable decisiveness and clarity when confronted with the coronavirus. Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) . -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Sexual norms were in flux. In late March, as case rates and fatalities soared across Europe, President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus dismissed a reporters concerns about the spread of the virus in his own country: There are no viruses here. 3. Step-by-step, Ethiopia became a state governed by a regime without moral or political constraints. Many other Japanese citizens, however, embraced the cause of nationalism and military expansion. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) Nationalism, independence movements Ukraine war latest: Dozens injured by Russia's overnight attacks; Pope Today's China is not yesterday's Soviet Union. The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. In a tightly controlled referendum on Sunday, Uzbeks voted on changes that would extend presidential terms from five to seven years and allow Mirziyoyev to serve two more terms. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the streets and in the countryside. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . Paper 2 Questions | PDF | Authoritarianism | Civil War - Scribd These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Through violence, they had become what one historian called, "a. Mussolini, founder of the Italian National Fascist party, was among the first to experiment in this way. Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. Many authoritarian and authoritarian-leaning governments have not responded well to the pandemic. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY colonial rule (1910-1945). - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression China respects the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of all countries and upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations charter, she said, describing the countrys stance on Ukraine as objective and fair. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. The leaders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan both responded to the arrival of the virus by outright denying its presence in their countries. Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. Download PDF. NARRATOR: Josef Stalin ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states (15) Economic factors play a major role in any nation and as authoritarian states rise and fall throughout Six people died. Authoritarianism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts Four key weaknesses are manifest. We have won power in Germany. Italian rule included segregation, and policies prohibited interracial relations. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. CBI opens investigations into suspected misuse of MSEI funds 2. What impact did this have? A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. PDF Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of Leadership It started with a string of violent clashes in the northern part of Italy beginning in 1920. 2. How consistent was this with Castro's overall vision for Cuban society? Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. Emergence of a German Authoritarian State - Matteo Aprile IB History What followed soon after were two devastating wars. Troops left the bloody battlefields and returned to a bewildering society. How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. INTRODUCTION. China rows back after envoy denies sovereignty of former Soviet states (goal: increase acceptance of fascist ideology {many ignored indoctrination aspects}), 3.) P2 - Authoritarian States | historychamps Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, Nature, extent and treatment of opposition, The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power, Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies, The impact of policies on women and minorities, Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. (Specimen), The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Under the emergency decree, they could be terrorized, beaten and held indefinitely. High inflation and unemployment. Check your email for details on your request. How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. They would call their empire the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. This created famine conditions. -Lateran Treaty: gov recognized papal sovereignty over vatican ( became independent state) POPE recognized italian state To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader? It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. Middle class savings were wiped out as severe inflation left the currency worthless. His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. But deep-seated attitudes about racial hierarchy played out during the conflict. How China Exports Authoritarianism - Foreign Affairs