13.6.4), L. Licinius Murena, the consulelect. In some cases, however, the ascriptions read not justArchias butArchias the grammatikos,Archias of Macedon,Archias of Byzantium,Archias of Mytilene, and Archias the younger. BMCR provides the opportunity to comment on reviews in order to enhance scholarly communication. Archias was acquitted, as he surely deserved to be: of Ciceros clients, Archias is one of those of whom we can say with most certainty that he was innocent of the crime with which he was charged.15 We hear of him again in 61, presumably still living in Rome, and contemplating writing a poem for the Metelli (Att. I focus here on its usefulness to an introductory/intermediate-level university class, drawing partly upon my experience with C.s first edition to teach a third-semester Latin Prose course at Yale University in the Fall of 2003 to a group of 20 undergraduate and graduate students. 1.19.6, 1.20.3; cf. Gotoff, H. C. Ciceros Elegant Style: An Analysis of the Pro Archia, Urbana, Illinois (1979). This paper examines Cicero's Pro Archia Poeta Oratio and the author's implicit and explicit views on how Roman cultural identity is constructed. The Speech for Aulus Licinius Archias, the Poet - Forum Romanum Catulus was an enthusiast for Greek culture, and admitted Archias to his circle. This argument, understood literally, does in fact have some validity. While the speech itself is the legal defense of the poet Archias' claim to Roman citizenship, it also situates the debate of legal citizenship within a broader context of Roman cultural . D. 1.79).7 The other consul, Marius, though reputedly uninterested in Greek culture, approved of Archias poem on Marius own defeat of the Cimbri in 101 ( 19). A typical jurorone of a panel of seventy-five20would have taken an entirely different view. D. 1.79), wrote a poem on Roscius (Div. Several more arguments follow, but they are of little practical value since Cicero has already proved his case. Bringing these considerations to class can also help teachers win over the next generation of students, given the practical pressures that equate getting students into the classroom with getting resources into the department. In Defense of the Poet Archias Marcus Tullius Cicero Context Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Lucius Licinius Lucullus Cicero Terms Magnus - Pompey Theophanes the Mitylenaean - Pompey's Poet Sulla - Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (82-79 BC) by Cesare Maccari Archias Gratius 62 B.C. The work celebrates the merits of literature and art, which offers a powerful description of what makes an individual Roman. Callim. Although technically delivered in a court of law, the speech possesses the unique characteristics of a more ornamental realm of oratory, epideictic, which includes speeches such as funeral orations, or laudatio funebris. The transition is made by mentioning Archias (not referred to since 12, or named since 9) and marvelling at his ability both to improvise (cf. Secondly, the digressio is an enjoyable diversion for the jurors (and also an intellectually undemanding one, despite Ciceros flattery). Among the numerous classical influences in the works of W. E. B. The testimony of Ennius (which can hardly be considered impartial! A large part of Archias output, and his entire output before he attracted Roman patronage, would doubtless have consisted of poems on typical Hellenistic themes (the epigrams in the Greek Anthology which may be his include erotic poems, dedications to a god, epitaphs, and poems on a work of art). Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. The technique is similar to that employed the previous year in Pro Murena (Mur. I suggest three reasons. A brief discussion of content would also be useful at this crucial moment in the speech. The conclusio ( 312) recapitulates the main points of the case, and contains no emotional appeal. [Kuhlmann, 1976]). 1.16.15). 1.13.6) by purchasing from Crassus a grand house on the Palatine overlooking the Forum. 2 In this context, Cicero asserted that even lawyers lack a proper education, unless they possess a . After this he quickly moves on to less controversial territory. Instead of a conclusio, however, we now have a digressio which accounts for significantly more than half the speech ( 1230). I beg of you that you will grant me an indulgence in this trial which is appropriate to this defendant here, and, I trust, not disagreeable to youthat you will allow me, speaking as I am on behalf of an eminent poet and a most learned man and before this crowd of highly educated people, this civilized jury, and such a praetor as is now presiding, to speak rather more freely on cultural and literary matters, and, as befits the character of a man who because of his life of seclusion and study has had very little to do with the hazards of the courts, to employ a somewhat novel and unconventional manner of speaking. In that speech Cicero is able to characterize the Greeks as clever talkers, certainly, but also deceitful, dishonest, fickle, and brazen, and motivated by a hatred of the Romans. Catiline would presumably not have made such a remark unless he expected it at least to carry some weight with some of the senators. So the necessity to present Archias and his poetry in a favourable light is Ciceros main reason for including a lengthy digressio in his speech. He continued to live with the Luculli, accompanying L. Lucullus to the East in the 80s and again during the Third Mithridatic War (7363 bc), in the period when Lucullus was in command of the Roman forces (7367). As an honorary citizen of Heraclea, Archias satisfied condition (a), and as a long-standing resident of Rome he satisfied condition (b). Your email address will not be published. I suggest that, on the contrary, Ciceros defence is wholly unaffected by the fact that he is speaking before his brother, and that the reference at the end of the speech is no more than a friendly nod to someone who, until this moment, he has had to treat exactly as he would any other praetor. Such poetry was unfamiliar to most Romans, and had not yet been widely imitated in Latin. Commanders NFL Draft takeaways: Defense adds juice, but was the value Clearly Cicero is not thinking only of poetry at this point:scriptores et Graeci et Latini (the Greek and Latin writers) would apply equally to prose historiography or biography, genres which some members of the jury may personally have considered more valuable and worthwhile, or less reprehensible, than poetry. Beyond this, the speech also offers readers a glimpse at the complicated procedures involved in spreading Roman citizenship throughout the Italian peninsula. The 2023 NFL Draft is officially in the books. There was no official enrollment record for Archias in Heraclea because the records office had notoriously been destroyed during the, He also appeared in the records of the praetor. In 62 Archias was prosecuted under this law. But the argument is nevertheless misleading because it leaves the impression, for example by the reference totechnical skill in oratory (huiusce rei (referring to exercitatio dicendi) ratio), that Archias actually taught Cicero rhetoric. To begin with, he was a Syrian by birth, a Greek-speaker from the eastern edge of the Empire. Reading guide for Cicero Pro Archia and Lucretius on the Nature of 6.53.910; Cic. It is one of the best. Pro Archia, then, is genuinely, all of it, an exercise in persuasion. 10.7.19, based on this passage) and to produce written compositions. as for the part of my speech which was out of keeping with the Forum and the tradition of the courtswhen I discussed my clients talents and literary studies in generalI hope that this has been received in good part by you, gentlemen, as I know it has been by the man who is presiding over this court. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Art and Archaeology, Research Resources for Classical, Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Roman World, Bronze Age Aegean, Death and Burial in the. And Purpose Of The Law - JSTOR At 18 Cicero moves to the second part of the digressio. Instead of beginning with cum ("since") as what would be expected, Cicero suspends it to the end of the phrase to bring attention to the gravity of the names he states. In this section, Cicero discredits the four points raised against his client. First some nuts and bolts. This plea for Archias may man of Rome, a man of high birth, a sol- be divided thus: dier of no mean capacity, and an orator of mi I. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the unusual success. It would appear in fact that this argument has been introduced primarily in order to provide a context for the famous names, since it is the names that carry the main persuasive force.26. The introductory material places the Pro Archia among Ciceros most aesthetically powerful orations and stresses the speechs championing of humanistic principles. Here it is done with charm. Cicero describes that his personal connection to Archias is through his writings. Treating the jury as intellectuals also serves to reduce the apparent cultural distance separating them and Archias: during the trial, Cicero, Archias, and the jury will all be literary men together. The passage on literature in general ends with 17. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. As for his declaration before the praetor Metellus, Cicero produces the citizen lists which Metellus compiled, argues for their accuracy, and points to the name of A. Licinius. Grattius, of course, has already delivered his speech, and has not asked such a question, but the question gives Cicero an excuse to embark upon his digression and, later, to parade Archias virtues. A letter from Cicero to Titus Pomponius Atticus in the year following the trial makes mention of Archias, but there is no conclusive evidence about the outcome of the trial. The occasional note that relates sentence structure or vocabulary choice to larger themes both fulfills pedagogical needs and also reminds us of the tricky balancing act between simply teaching and inspiring real interest in sophisticated texts with a readership at this level: fit your line solely with technical syntactical and rhetorical terms or with explanations of subjunctive X in subordinate clause Y and students are less likely to take the bait. Clearly, then, in attempting to persuade a jury that Archias deserved to be a Roman citizen, Cicero faced an uphill struggle. Thus he became a Roman citizen, calling himself in the Roman fashion, A. Licinius Archias, the nomen Licinius being adopted out of respect for his patrons the Luculli. Literary commemoration, he says, incites men to undertake dangerous and heroic deeds. of good disposition, large fortune, respect- III. Pal. His method of dealing with this prejudice is to include a lengthy passage on literature which presents Archias and his poetry in terms which the jurors will find unobjectionable, and perhaps even praiseworthy. Cicero's Defense of Archias, Political Motives in, 62-70 Cognate Accusative Relative Clauses in Greek, 281-288 College (The) of Quindecim-viri (Sacris Faciundis) in 17 B. C., 289-294 Constitution (The) of the Five Thousand, 189-198 COPLEY, FRANK O. Catullus 55, 9-14, 295-297 Covenant, Hannibal's, 1-2 PAGE Cretan Heroic Poetry and Homer: A Study . Even if we had not been informed by the scholia (175 Stangl), we would, I think, have been able to tell that the praetor in question is Ciceros brother Quintus. The view it would have taken of sophisticated Greek poetry can easily be surmised. It is clear from Pro Flacco that the sort of unremarkable, upper-class men who for the most part constituted Roman juries cannot have had any great respect for the Greek nation. The prosecution laid out four accusations in its case against Archias: Because of Archias' close association with Lucullus, the case was probably a political attack directed at the politician by one of his many enemies. In addition to defending Archias at this time, he also undertook the defence of Pompeys brother-in-law P. Sulla Fam. Literature tells and celebrates achievements. In 62 BCE, the aging poet Aulus Licinius Archias was arraigned before the Praetor on a charge of having spent almost a quarter of a century fraudulently claiming to be a Roman citizen, thus breaking the Lex Papia de Peregrinis. The comparison with Ennius is a useful one for Cicero, since Ennius was Romes great national poet and would have been fully acceptable to the jury. The digressio, then, is not simply an instrument of persuasion, it is also an elegant essay that would have been as appealing to its original audience as it has been to readers down the ages. The Lex Iulia granted Roman citizenship to all citizens of municipia on the Italic peninsula, provided they had not fought against Rome in the Social War. Quint. The digressio concludes ( 2830) with Ciceros admission that he too wishes to be immortalized in verse; as he has demonstrated, there are many honourable precedents for this. Gotoff (cited n. 1) 211, 21213 (cf. A man of the name of "Pro Archia is a delightful speech delivered by Cicero in defense of A. Licinius Archias, a Greek poet whose eligibility for Roman citizenship was challenged in 62 bce. He continued, however, to live in Rome. Then these people seek out a foreigner even now after his death because he was a poet: Will we reject this man alive who is ours by both his will and laws when Archias has for so long applied all of his studies and genius entire towards honoring the glory in praise of the Roman people? Then ( 5): Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . So let the name of poet, gentlemen, which no barbarian race has ever treated with disrespect, be a sacred name among you, the most enlightened of men. Cicero's Pro Archia - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo PDF Pro Archia Poeta - UGA For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Now Plotius was not a poet but a rhetorician, and if he praised Marius he would have done so in a Latin speech, not a Greek poem. First there is the genuine sense of gratitude he felt towards his old teacher ( 1), a factor which should not be cynically denied. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. In Pro Murena and Pro Caelio, for example, this is done with humour. Luc. The idea that poets who honour great men honour the Roman people at the same time is continued in 22, but with Ennius as the example: Ennius praised the elder Scipio, the elder Cato, Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, M. Claudius Marcellus, and M. Fulvius Nobilior, and was rewarded with Roman citizenship. The brief introduction (Section B) includes the background of the trial, defense strategy, date, outcome (probably acquittal), and an outline of the speech. The greater part of the speech contains finely crafted rhetoric and an increased frequency of such poetical devices as hendiadys, chiasmus, and the golden line. Cf. If he has not, then the further argument is obviously required. Cat. P. MacKendrick on the other hand, divides it into four parts, 1217a, 17b22, 237, and 2830.24 Without wishing to dispute either of these schemes, I prefer myself to divide the passage into just two basic parts. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Archias wrote poems of the general's military exploits, and in 93 BC, Lucullus helped him gain citizenship of the municipium of Heraclea. First, then, let us review 1217. If Archias accuser is indeed connected with Pompey, as seems likely, then the reference has added point: in seeking to deprive Lucullus man of his citizenship, Grattius is ignoring the precedent set by his own patron. It is not a passage that could not be included were it not for the presence of a sympathetic praetor. Historical Background of Cicero's Oration, "The Citizenship of Archias The argument itself is feeble (if rhetorically neat) and requires no further comment. Archias was a Greek poet, a native of Antioch, who came to Rome in the train of Lucullus, when Cicero was a child. 4.5);25 Ciceros claim here is that works of literature, whether Greek or Latin, have the same salutary effect. Arch. It has been conjectured that it was Archias who first brought Meleagers Garland to Rome and thus introduced the Romans to Greek epigram: we have two Latin epigrams by Catulus, one of which is a translation of an epigram of Callimachus in the Greek Anthology, and the Garland appears also to have been imitated by other contemporary Roman poets (Gel. He does so by presenting poetry in a particular way likely to appeal to his audience. This is understandable in view of the higher social status of the Metelli. The important point is then made that Archias poetry celebrates the military glory of the Roman people: his poem on the war against the Cimbri actually won the approval of Marius. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 101 N. Merion Ave., It was in Rome where Archias became a mentor and teacher of Cicero in his early education in rhetoric. Ciceros defense of Archias follows a two-pronged argument. Later, in 89, the lex Plautia Papiria was passed, and Cicero quotes the clause which covered Archias case: persons would be granted Roman citizenship if (a) they had previously been enrolled as a citizen of a federate state, (b) they had had a fixed residence in Italy at the time when the law was passed, and (c) they declared themselves before a praetor within sixty days ( 7). The speech then comes to stand as proof of Archiass great teaching, as Ciceros exceptional command of language and rhetoric illustrates his teachers vast influence. There are two pieces of misrepresentation in this sentence. How many finely executed portraits of the most valiant men have the Greek and Latin writers left us, and not only for our contemplation but for our emulation! If he can somehow imply that Archias trains advocates, then that will give a much more favourable impression than saying that he merely provides instruction in Greek poetry. Teachers who recognized the numerous virtues of the first edition (1998) will equally welcome the second. Others can more ably comment on the editions success in that regard. Such silences are thoughtful exclusions rather than negligent omissions and should be considered among the editions cardinal virtues. Archiass defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous years Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cicero immediately takes us into a world of intelligent culture in which he and Archias play a part, and in which the jury are flattered into fancying that they also belong. The Romans seem to have found it advantageous to make use of every argument at their disposal, not merely the decisive ones: this can be observed not only in oratory but also for example in Lucretius. 2.14.3). Archias did not appear on the Roman census because he was away on campaign with Lucullus at each time they were taken. W. M. Porter divides it into three parts, 1216 covering the benefits afforded by the study of poetry, 1719 covering the intrinsic virtues of poets, and 2030 covering the relationship of the poet and his poetry to the state. Cicero was always aware of the importance of entertaining and amusing his audiences, and he won them over partly by providing them with passages they would derive pleasure from listening to. He applied the three techniques that were expected of ancient oratory: pathos (emotional persuasion), ethos (credibility persuasion), and logos (logical persuasion). Stripped to its essentials, the argument runs as follows:If I have any talent, experience in speaking, or technical skill in oratory derived from training in the liberal arts, then Archias has a strong claim on it. Cicero says that he attracted the attention of the Metelli Numidicus and Pius, M. Aemilius Scaurus, and L. Crassus, and also that he was on close terms with M. Livius Drusus (the tribune of 91), the Octavii, Cato (the father of Uticensis), and the Hortensii ( 6).8 During this period the young Cicero also received instruction from Archias ( 1): Archias was presumably his Greek grammatikos.9. 1.79)). After the rebuttal Cicero presents his case for Archias citizenship. It will also give him a much larger pool of examples on which to draw, including the actor Q. Roscius Gallus ( 17), the rhetorician L. Plotius Gallus ( 20), and the historian Theophanes of Mytilene ( 24), none of whom would otherwise be relevant to his argument. Manil. C. accompanies that choice with a keen understanding of vocabulary acquisition: The second time a word occurs, it is marked with an asterisk; the third time two asterisks; the fourth time, three asterisks, and thereafter it is dropped from the listit is likely that the studentwill, on the fifth encounter with the word, be able to recognize it and, in context, recall its meaning (p. xi). He therefore declared himself before his friend the praetor Q. Metellus Pius and obtained Roman citizenship. On the political aspect see further Gruen and Stockton (cited n. 12), the former making too much of and the latter too little of the trials political significance. Literature and Persuasion in Cicero's Pro Archia Bryn Mawr PA 19010. erature or the humanities and the law, the defense of Archias the poet is indeed a story worth recounting today and for ages hence.' Due to an eloquent, lengthy, and, arguendo, even quite unnecessary digression, Cicero's speech on the poet's behalf, Pro Auluo Licinio Archia Poeta Oratio, has justly achieved a measure The high stylistic level, secondly, serves to establish an atmosphere of culture and sophistication, and this too is something that was best done right from the start. PDF SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF AULUS LICINIUS ARCHIAS - PinkMonkey.com Archias wrote poems of the general's military exploits, and in 93 BC, Lucullus helped him gain citizenship of the municipium of Heraclea. This sentence, with its elegant series of carefully balanced clauses, immediately raises the question of the style of the speech: with the exception, naturally, of the narratio, the speech is pitched at a higher stylistic level than is normal in Cicero. When he does choose to discuss an intellectual subject at length, in Pro Murena, he begins, as we have seen, by flattering the jury on their erudition, and then proceeds to describe the Stoic school of philosophy in a way which first of all assumes no prior knowledge whatsoever, not even the name of the founder, and secondly serves merely to reinforce, for his own ends, the jurys anti-intellectual prejudices.21 Cicero was to admit, many years later, that the jury that heard Murenas case were an ignorant lot (Fin. C. also knows when less is more. See also C. Murgias detailed review of Gotoffs book: Murgia, C. Review Article: Analyzing Ciceros Style, CP 76 (1981): 301-313. Abstract. The prosecution of Archias was probably undertaken, as we have seen, by a supporter of Pompey, and was directed not so much against Archias as against his patron L. Lucullus. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on For the argument to be effective, Cicero has to imply that it was Archias who made him the great orator he has become; this then demands an element of vagueness as to precisely what Archias contribution was. Poetry, Latin: From the Beginnings through the End of the Roman Italy, 4th Century bce to 3rd Century ce, Theoderic the Great and Ostrogothic Italy, Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Cicero: Pro Archia Poeta Oratio - Google Books It was Metellus Pius who had enrolled him as a citizen and whose careful records provided the documentary evidence that he needed to establish his claim to citizenship. He does, it is true, make an exception for the Greeks of Achaea, who could point to a more distinguished, if remote, past, and lived closer to Rome. So much for the historical circumstances; I now turn to examine the speech itself The structure is, in its main divisions, extremely straightforward. A show of stylistic brilliance on Ciceros part will therefore reflect creditably on the man who taught him. Let us turn now to the digressio itself The structure of this passage is difficult to analyse. The oration was rediscovered in Lige by Petrarch in 1333.[2]. Quam multas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt! This chapter examines the influence of Cicero's ancient defense of the poet Archias on the structure of Du Bois's argument in defense of full civil rights and access to liberal education for African Americans. As M. L. Clarke has pointed out, Archias was not the only one of Ciceros boyhood teachers whom he went out of his way to help: he had Diodotus to live in his house after he had become old and blind (Brut. In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. Perhaps the project was opposed by one of Archias noble patrons; or one could speculate that this may have been a commission made impossible by the enthusiasm of the client. A few problems of note (some of which have crept into the second edition): read when in for when. [4], Last edited on 23 December 2022, at 13:40, "M. Tullius Cicero, For Archias, chapter 7", M. TVLLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Archia_Poeta&oldid=1129081531, There was no official enrollment record for Archias as a citizen of Heraclea, Archias did not maintain a permanent residence in Rome. He gracefully concedes the point, but then goes on to instance some outstanding Romans who did study literature ( 16): Ex hoc esse hunc numero quem patres nostri viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum, ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos, ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis temporibus doctissimum, M. Catonem illum senem; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent.
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